Copyright and Acknowledgments
Copyright © July 2025 Violence Policy Center
The Violence Policy Center (VPC) is a national nonprofit educational organization that conducts research and public education on violence in America and provides information and analysis to policymakers, journalists, advocates, and the general public.
This study was supported in part by a generous gift from Ellen Berman.
This study was authored by VPC Public Health Analyst Terra Wiens, MPH.
For a complete list of VPC publications with document links, please visit http://www.vpc.org/publications/.
To learn more about the Violence Policy Center, please visit www.vpc.org.
To make a tax-deductible contribution to help support the work of the Violence Policy Center, please visit www.vpc.org/contribute.
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