Poisonous Pastime – Endnotes

The Health Risks of Shooting Ranges and Lead to Children, Families, and the Environment

Endnotes

  1. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 107. 
  2. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 143. 
  3. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 34.
  4. Jonathan Beard, “Fill ‘em full of tungsten,” New Scientist, December 2, 1995, p. 25. 
  5. See, e.g., Deborah W. Denno, “A Response To ‘Childhood Lead Poisoning As A Criminal Defense: An Examination of the Research,'” Mealey’s Litigation Reports, August 28, 1998; Andrew Rubin, “Researcher says poisoning contributed to shooting spree,” UPI, 1 August 1986. 
  6. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 73. 
  7. Unless otherwise indicated, this general description of the health effects of lead is based on the following sources: David E. Jacobs, “The Health Effects of Lead on the Human Body,” Lead Perspectives, November/December 1996, 10; Public Health Statement: Lead (Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1990); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Lead and Compounds, downloaded from Internet web site, May 16, 2000; U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Health Hazard Data” in Appendix A, 29 CFR Sec. 1910.1025. 
  8. Unless otherwise noted, this general description of the health effects of lead on children is based on the following sources: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (October 1, 1991), and David E. Jacobs, “The Health Effects of Lead on the Human Body,” Lead Perspectives, November/December 1996, 10.
  9. Stephanie Raphael, “Get the lead out!” Business First-Louisville, April 11, 1994, p. 37. 
  10. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Health Hazard Data” in Appendix A, 29 CFR Sec. 1910.1025. 
  11. See generally, Deborah W. Denno, Biology and Violence: From Birth to Adulthood (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Jane E. Brody, “Aggressiveness and Delinquency In Boys Is Linked to Lead in Bones,” New York Times, 7 February 1996, p. C9. 
  12. Deborah W. Denno, “A Response To ‘Childhood Lead Poisoning As A Criminal Defense: An Examination of the Research,'” Mealey’s Litigation Reports, August 28, 1998 (“…the scientific question becomes—is there a statistically significant association between the independent variable (lead poisoning) and the dependent variable (crime) while controlling for other, potentially influential variables? The results of the Biosocial Study strongly suggest that such a relationship exists, making no claim that it exists for each and every individual.”). 
  13. Deborah W. Denno, Biology and Violence: From Birth to Adulthood (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 
  14. Jane E. Brody, “Aggressiveness and Delinquency In Boys Is Linked to Lead in Bones,” New York Times, 7 February 1996, p. C9. 
  15. Herbert L. Needleman et al., “Bone Lead Levels and Delinquent Behavior,” Journal of the American Medical Association 275 (February 7, 1996): 363.
  16. Jane E. Brody, “Aggressiveness and Delinquency In Boys Is Linked to Lead in Bones,” New York Times, 7 February 1996, p. C9. 
  17. Jane E. Brody, “Aggressiveness and Delinquency In Boys Is Linked to Lead in Bones,” New York Times, 7 February 1996, p. C9. 
  18. Andrew Rubin, “Researcher says poisoning contributed to shooting spree,” UPI, 1 August 1986. 
  19. Kurt Kleiner, “Good news for ducks,” New Scientist, August 30, 1997, p. 11.
  20. Jeff Coen, “Ill Birds Reported near Sportsman’s Park,” Chicago Tribune, 30 July 1999, p. 3.
  21. Ted Kerasote, “The sportsman’s choice: regular or unleaded? Effect of lead shot on wildlife and measures for preventing it,” Sports Afield, December 22, 1997, p. 20.
  22. Kurt Kleiner, “Good news for ducks,” New Scientist, August 30, 1997, p. 11. 
  23. Sarah E. Valway et al., “Lead Absorption in Indoor Firing Range Users,” American Journal of Public Health 79 (August 1989): 1029. 
  24. Ted Kerasote, “The sportsman’s choice: regular or unleaded? Effect of lead shot on wildlife and measures for preventing it,” Sports Afield, December 22, 1997, p. 20. 
  25. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 146. 
  26. See, e.g., Philip J. Landrigan et al., “Chronic Lead Absorption: Result of Poor Ventilation in an Indoor Pistol Range,” Journal of the American Medical Association 234, no. 4 (1975): 394. 
  27. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Division of Occupational Safety, Firing Ranges: The Airborne Lead Hazard, downloaded May 15, 2000, from www.magnet.state.ma.us/dos/leaddocs/ Lead-firing.htm; INTERNET. 
  28. Shawne K. Wickham, “Danger on the Range: Lead Dust and Gases,” New Hampshire Sunday News, 20 February 1994, p. A1. 
  29. See, e.g., Philip J. Landrigan et al., “Chronic Lead Absorption: Result of Poor Ventilation in an Indoor Pistol Range,” Journal of the American Medical Association 234, no. 4 (1975): 394; Thomas L. Anania and Joseph A. Seta, Lead Exposure and Design Considerations for Indoor Firing Ranges (Washington, DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1975); Karl E. Anderson et al., “Plumbism from Airborne Lead in a Firing Range,” The American Journal of Medicine 63 (August 1977): 306; A. Fischbein et al., “Exposure to Lead in Firing Ranges,” Journal of the American Medical Association 241, no. 11 (1979): 1141; S.A. Lee, “Reducing Airborne Lead Exposures in Indoor Firing Ranges,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, February 1986, p. 15; Sarah E. Valway et al., “Lead Absorption in Indoor Firing Range Users,” American Journal of Public Health 79 (August 1989): 1029; “Gun buffs risk loading lungs with lead,” Science News, August 19, 1989, p. 126; T. Chau et al., “Chronic Lead Intoxication at an Indoor Firing Range in Taiwan,” letter to the editor, Clinical Toxicology 33, no. 4 (1995): 371; Burhan A. Abudhaise et al., “Lead Exposure in Indoor Firing Ranges: Environmental Impact and Health Risk to the Range Users,” International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 9, no. 4 (1996): 323. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has also conducted a number of on-site “health hazard evaluations” at law enforcement firing ranges. See, e.g., “Lead Health Hazard Evaluation: FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia,” HETA 91-0346-2572 (April 1996); David C. Sylvain, “NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report: Dartmouth Police Department,” HETA 96-0107-2613 (December 1996). 
  30. Ted N. Busch, “Shooting Range Ventilation Progress Report,” The Police Chief, December 1976, p. 40. 
  31. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 91. 
  32. California Department of Health Services, Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, Blood Lead Levels in California Workers: 1993-1994 (September 1997), p. 21. 
  33. See numerous National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health “health hazard evaluations” at law enforcement firing ranges, including, for example, “Lead Health Hazard Evaluation: FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia,” HETA 91-0346-2572 (April 1996), and “NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report: Dartmouth Police Department,” HETA 96-0107-2613 (December 1996); and, Dee Anne Traitel, “Chula Vista police take measures to block lead taint in firing range,” The San Diego Union-Tribune, 29 May 1987; “Police Firing Range Closed Because of Fumes,” The Associated Press, 29 May 1984.
  34. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 83-85; see also, National Rifle Association of America, The Range Manual: A Guide to Planning and Construction (Rev. 12/89), Section 1, Chapter 1, p. 24, paragraph 5.01.2.1(e).
  35. For plain language discussions of these risks, see Texas Department of Health, Firing Ranges: The Airborne Lead Dust Hazard, Employer’s Guide (March 1996); Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Division of Occupational Safety, Firing Ranges: The Airborne Lead Hazard, downloaded May 15, 2000, from www.magnet.state.ma.us/dos/leaddocs/ Lead-firing.htm; INTERNET.
  36. Second Amendment Foundation News Release, “New Lead Recycling System Helps School Reclaim Range,” January 10, 1998, downloaded February 15, 1998, from www.saf.org/pub/rkba/hindsight/rec.html; INTERNET. 
  37. Shawne K. Wickham, “Danger on the Range: Lead Dust and Gases,” New Hampshire Sunday News, 20 February 1994, p. A1; “Police Attend Service,” The Union Leader, 8 June 1990, p. 5. 
  38. “Shooting Range Worker Given Another Chance To Pursue Workers’ Comp Claim,” Mealey’s Litigation Reports 5, no. 7 (1996). 
  39. Richard J. Sagall, “Shooting for lead poisoning; contaminated air in indoor shooting ranges,” Pediatrics for Parents, October 9, 1988, 5. 
  40. Karl E. Anderson et al., “Plumbism from Airborne Lead in a Firing Range,” The American Journal of Medicine 63 (August 1977): 306. 
  41. Letter to Tom Diaz from Barbara Materna, Chief, Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, Occupational Health Branch, Department of Health Services (May 30, 2000), in files of Violence Policy Center. 
  42. Letter to Tom Diaz from Barbara Materna, Chief, Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, Occupational Health Branch, Department of Health Services (May 30, 2000), in files of Violence Policy Center. 
  43. “Lead Poisoning in Adolescents Who Are Competitive Marksmen,” letter to the editor from Michael Shannon, MD, MPH, The New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 11 (1999). 
  44. “Firing Ranges ‘A Lead Hazard,'” The Guardian (London), 1 April 1994, p.6. 
  45. Sarah E. Valway et al., “Lead Absorption in Indoor Firing Range Users,” American Journal of Public Health 79, no. 8 (1989): 1029; “Gun buffs risk loading lungs with lead,” Science News, August 19, 1989, p. 126. 
  46. Sarah E. Valway et al., “Lead Absorption in Indoor Firing Range Users,” American Journal of Public Health 79, no. 8 (1989): 1032. 
  47. See, e.g., California Department of Health Services, Don’t take lead home from your job!, downloaded May 24, 2000, from www.ohb.org/leadhome.htm; INTERNET. 
  48. Richard J. Sagall, “Shooting for lead poisoning; contaminated air in indoor shooting ranges,” Pediatrics for Parents, October 9, 1988, p. 5.
  49. Shawne K. Wickham, “Danger on the Range: Lead Dust and Gases,” New Hampshire Sunday News, 20 February 1994, p. A1. 
  50. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “Lead Health Hazard Evaluation: FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia,” HETA 91-0346-2572 (April 1996). 
  51. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Division of Occupational Safety, Firing Ranges: The Airborne Lead Hazard, downloaded May 15, 2000, from www.magnet.state.ma.us/dos/leaddocs/ Lead-firing.htm; INTERNET; Brian O’Rourke, “Indoor firing range ventilation system,” Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning, October 1992, p. 77. 
  52. See, e.g., Ralph R. Ortega, “Powder in town hall duct was lead, tests indicate,” Asbury Park Press (Neptune, NJ), 27 March 1998, p. 2. 
  53. Sue Landry, “Children tested for lead,” St. Petersburg Times, 7 January 1992, p. 1 and “Lead found in play area at day care,” St. Petersburg Times, 4 January 1992, p. 1. 
  54. Letter to Tom Diaz from Barbara Materna, Chief, Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, Occupational Health Branch, Department of Health Services (May 30, 2000), in files of Violence Policy Center.
  55. “Disarming Tradition; Schools’ Rifle Teams Come Under Scrutiny,” Chicago Tribune, 5 November 1999, p. 1.
  56. Justin Quinn, “Rifle teams looking to get the lead out,” Intelligencer Journal (Lancaster, Pa.), 19 February 2000, p. A1; Civia Katz, “Exposure to lead silences rifle teams: Students at Manheim Twp., other schools have high lead levels,” Intelligencer Journal (Lancaster, Pa.), 20 November 1999, p. A1. 
  57. John T. McQuiston, “Lead Detected in Rifle Range Brings Closing of L.I. School,” New York Times, 12 November 1999, p. B6. 
  58. “Hazard Tests urged at School Rifle Ranges,” New York Times, 16 November 1999, p. B8; “Two more schools with rifle ranges close for lead testing,” The Associated Press State & Local Wire, 16 November 1999. 
  59. Frank Eltman, “School rifle teams in spotlight amid spate of school shootings,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, 22 November 1999; Megan O’Matz, “Disarming Tradition; Schools’ Rifle Teams Come Under Scrutiny,” Chicago Tribune, 5 November 1999, p. 1; “School shooting endangers rifle teams,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, 17 May 1999. 
  60. Don Stancavish, “Ambushed, Gun Club Says; Evicted by School Board ‘Out of the Blue,'” The Record (Bergen County, New Jersey), 14 July 1998, p. L1.
  61. Stephanie Raphael, “Get the lead out!” Business First-Louisville, 11 April 1994, p. 37. 
  62. National Shooting Sports Foundation, A Strategic Analysis of the Shooting Sports Industry: “Phase One” Report (undated). 
  63. J. Scott Rupp, “Franchising the Indoor Range,” American Rifleman, May 1989, 37.
  64. Tetra Tech EM, Inc, undated promotional brochure titled Small Arms Firing Range Management: Comprehensive Engineering, Environmental, Safety, and Health Consulting Services, p. 3. (Distributed at 2000 NRA Convention.) 
  65. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 203. 
  66. See, “EPA and Westchester County agreement for shooting range cleanup is first in United States,” Business Wire, February 7, 1994.
  67. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 204-205. 
  68. National Shooting Sports Foundation, Environmental Aspects of Construction and Management of Outdoor Shooting Ranges (Newtown, CT: NSSF, 1997), p. E-1, fn.1. 
  69. See, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency memorandum from Charles Sutfin, Director, Water Permits Division, to Jo Lynn Traub, Director, Water Management Division, “Proposed NPDES Permit for a Trap Shooting Facility,” dated November 30, 1999, in files of Violence Policy Center. 
  70. See, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency memorandum from Charles Sutfin, Director, Water Permits Division, to Jo Lynn Traub, Director, Water Management Division, “Proposed NPDES Permit for a Trap Shooting Facility,” dated November 30, 1999, in files of Violence Policy Center. 
  71. Linda Young, “Park Shooting Range Reopens After State Conducts Lead Tests,” Chicago Tribune, 17 June 1997, p. 3. 
  72. Stacy St. Clair, “Federal agency points to lead hazard at Sportsman’s Naperville shooting range,” Chicago Daily Herald, 6 February 1999, p. 4; Dan Rozek, “Lead at gun range no health risk—EPA,” Chicago Sun-Times, 17 June 1997, p. 13; Linda Young, “Park Shooting Range Reopens After State Conducts Lead Tests,” Chicago Tribune, 17 June 1997, p. 3. 
  73. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency memorandum from Charles Sutfin, Director, Water Permits Division, to Jo Lynn Traub, Director, Water Management Division, “Proposed NPDES Permit for a Trap Shooting Facility,” dated November 30, 1999, in files of Violence Policy Center; Kevin Barrett, “IEPA says gun range will stay shuttered if lead shot is used,” Chicago Daily Herald, 22 October 1999, p. 4; Jeff Coen, “Ill Birds Reported Near Sportsman’s Park,” Chicago Tribune, 30 July 1999, p. 3. 
  74. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 79, 87. 
  75. See, “Lessons from Lordship,” North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 73-79. 
  76. Conn. Coastal Fishermen’s Assoc. v. Remington Arms Co., Inc. 989 F.2d 1305, 1308 (2d Cir. 1993). 
  77. Environmental Aspects of Construction and Management of Outdoor Shooting Ranges (Newtown, CT: NSSF, 1997), p. I-9, 10. 
  78. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 87. 
  79. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 84.
  80. “Soil cleanup firm starts first U.S. project,” Eco-Log Week 23, no. 15 (1995). 
  81. Gretchen Schuldt, “Firms reach cleanup deal for ex-Playboy Club site,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 2 October 1998, p. 2. 
  82. “Mass DEP Inherits Cleanup Headache After Buying Skeet Shooting Range,” Hazardous Waste News 21, no. 16 (1999). 
  83. Beth Glenn, “Kids’ play area causes problem for Port Richey,” St. Petersburg Times, 20 July 1998, p. 1. 
  84. Edward Filo, “Range Cleanup at Final Phase,” The Stuart News/Port St. Lucie News (Stuart, FL), 20 July 1999.
  85. Amylia Wimmer, “Pistol range will not need cleanup—yet,” St. Petersburg Times, 3 December 1996, p. 1; “Shooting over, but lead still on range,” St. Petersburg Times, 17 November 1996, p. 1. 
  86. Steve Scheibal, “No Cease-Fire Between Brea, Half-Acre Owner Is in Sight,” Los Angeles Times, 11 February 1995, p. B1; “Pistol-range land subject of lawsuit,” The Orange County Register, 10 February 1995, p. B7. 
  87. Tom Breckenridge, “Gun Club’s Lead Worries State,” The Plain Dealer, 26 August 1993, p. B1. 
  88. For other examples see, Evadna Bartlett, “Putnam shooting range gets reprieve,” Charleston Daily Mail, 7 April 2000, p. C7; David Pedreira, “Pistol range cleanup cost up by third,” The Tampa Tribune, 24 August 1999, p. 4; Robert Sarti, “Shooting ranges toxic, study finds: Costs to clean up residues left at the gun ranges on Burnaby Mountain are estimated at $3 million,” The Vancouver Sun, 17 January 1998, p. B1; Bill Harmon, “Spent bullets may prove lethal for school site,” The Tampa Tribune, 1 January 1998, p. 1; Chris Brennan, “Gun Range Targeted,” The Ledger (Lakeland, FL), 29 December 1997, p. B1; Jim DiPaola, “Shooting Range To Get Cleanup,” Sun-Sentinel (Ft. Lauderdale, FL) 16 December 1997, p. B1; Kathy Glasgow, “Capital Punishment; Citing a flood of red ink, officials draw a bead on Dade’s only public gun range,” Miami New Times, 3 July 1997; Jennifer Peltz, “Officials: Bullet Lead Can Contaminate Water,” Palm Beach Post, 5 February 1997, p. B1; “Chicagoans Spar Over Gun Club’s Pollution,” New York Times, 16 December 1991, p. A17. 
  89. For a general discussion of NEPA see “NEPA: A Primer,” in International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 165-66. 
  90. “EPA and Westchester County agreement for shooting range cleanup is first in United States,” Business Wire, February 7, 1994.
  91. Rae Tyson, “Environmental issues hit shooting ranges; ‘Lead is a four-letter word’ now,” USA Today, 6 July 1993, p. 7A.
  92. Charles Nicodemus, “State knew of asbestos,” Chicago Sun-Times, 10 April 2000, p. 1. 
  93. Carl Weiser, “EPA gets lead out on dead swan site,” Gannett News Service, 3 May 1999; “EPA identifies site where lead poisoned swans,” Gannett News Service, 21 April 1999; and, “EPA hiding ownership of cleanup site in Sussex County,” Gannett News Service, 20 April 1999. 
  94. “Officials: Skeet range polluted wildlife refuge,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, 13 January 2000. 
  95. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 89. 
  96. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 5. 
  97. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 91. 
  98. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 34. 
  99. See, e.g., Blanca Monica Quintanilla, “Petition Follows Mystery Bullet; Boy Scout’s family on a mission,” Newsday, June 18, 1998; Tara Trower, “Safety of gun ranges questioned; Residents angry over stray bullets,” Austin American-Statesman, 4 March 1997, p. B1; Mary K. Henderberg, “Shot Accidentally,” Wayne County Star (Lyons, NY), 12 June 1996; Christine L. Peterson, “$500,000 claim filed over errant bullet,” The Orange County Register, 26 July 1996, p. B5.
  100. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 63. 
  101. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 197. 
  102. Berkley Hudson, “Forest Report Cites Wildfire Threat,” Los Angeles Times, 20 January 1991, p. J3. 
  103. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 90. 
  104. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 178.
  105. John S. Scull, “Another Range Gone,” American Rifleman, February 1992, 12, 78. 
  106. John S. Scull, “Another Range Gone,” American Rifleman, February 1992, 12, 78. 
  107. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 171-72. 
  108. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 171-72. 
  109. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 139. 
  110. See, e.g., Matt Lait, “Crews Gain Ground on Mountain Fire,” Los Angeles Times, 15 September 1997, p. A3. 
  111. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 146. 
  112. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 139.
  113. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 144.
  114. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 186. 
  115. “Shooting range might not be free much longer,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, 19 December 1998.
  116. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 202. 
  117. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 77. 
  118. See remarks of attorney Anne Kimball on range hiring standards in International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p.147. 
  119. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 149. 
  120. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 91; “Noise and Night Shooting,” Letter from John Oppenheimer, Guns & Ammo, January 1991. 
  121. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 108. 
  122. National Rifle Association of America, The Range Manual: A Guide to Planning and Construction (Rev. 12/89), Section 1, Chapter 1, p. 8, paragraph 3.02.2.1. 
  123. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 127. 
  124. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 201. 
  125. First National Shooting Range Symposium Financial Report (15 May 1991), attachment to memorandum from George D. Lapointe, Symposium Coordinator, to Shooting Range Symposium Coordinating Committee (21 May 1991). 
  126. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 25. 
  127. Industry Watch, Shooting Industry, October 1994, 70.
  128. Nick Peluso, “Firearms Safety Course?,” letter to the magazine, Guns & Ammo, March 1986, 8. 
  129. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 162-63. 
  130. Gary Klien, “Teen kills himself at gun range; Third suicide in four years at San Rafael site,” Marin Independent Journal, 26 June 1998; “Woman shoots herself at indoor firing range,” Orange County Register, 24 January 1997; Martha Irvine, “Shooting-Range Suicides Trigger Questions on Gun-Rental Restrictions,” Los Angeles Times, 27 October 1996, p. B4; “Man Rents Gun, Kills Himself,” Sacramento Bee, 3 October 1996, p. B2; Donna Horowitz, “Suicides haunting gun range owners,” San Francisco Examiner, 23 September 1996, p. A1; Marshall Wilson, “3rd Gun Range Suicide in Bay Area This Month,” San Francisco Chronicle, 18 September 1996; Ray Delgado, “Suicides halt gun rentals at 2 ranges,” San Francisco Examiner, 18 September 1996; “Suburban Digest,” Denver Post, 12 July 1996; Michael O’Keeffe, “Shot in head kills man at firing range,” Rocky Mountain News, 6 July 1996, p. A34; “Firing Range Death Investigated as Suicide,” Tulsa World, 4 June 1996, p. A12; Peter Hecht, “Big Check in Bizarre Suicide Believed to be Racial Slur,” Sacramento Bee, 29 February 1996; Michael Taylor, “Neo-Nazi Wrote Suicide Note to Gun,” San Francisco Chronicle, 28 February 1996, p. A2; “Woman Dies After Firing Range Shooting,” The Columbian, 14 June 1995; “Woman Shoots Herself,” Columbian, 13 June 1995; “Man takes own life at shooting range,” Orange County Register, 28 March 1995, p. A5; Jeff Collins, “Customers’ suicides haunt firing ranges,” Orange County Register, 1 May 1993, p. B1; “Man kills himself at firing range,” Washington Times, 7 July 1992, p. B2; “Man Rents Gun, Kills Self at Target Range,” Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1991, p. B7; “Gunshot wound fatal,” San Diego Union-Tribune, 14 October 1989, p. B4; Janet DeStefano, “Garfield Refuses to Allow Shooting Range to Reopen,” Record (Bergen, NJ), 13 June 1986, p. B4; Christian Wihtol, “State Police to Investigate Firing Range,” Record (Bergen, NJ), 7 May 1986, p. C1. 
  131. See, e.g., “Auxiliary Officer is Wounded at Firing Range,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 October 1996, p. A12; “Accidental shooting,” San Diego Union-Tribune, 17 April 1986, p. B16; “Death at Shooting Range In Newton Ruled Accidental,” Union Leader, 13 July 1995, p. A5; “After Shooting, Firing Range Closed,” Morning Call (Allentown), 31 March 1995, p. B2. 
  132. “Two Die at Firing Range,” New York Times, 23 February 1995, p. A21; “Slaying-Suicide at Firing Range,” Sacramento Bee, 22 February 1995, p. B3. 
  133. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 147. 
  134. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 200. 
  135. Tom Uhlenbrock, “Gun Ranges Considering New Rules,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 July 1989, p. B1. 
  136. “NRA Opposes Restrictions Placed on Automatic Firearms,” American Rifleman, September 1986, p. 55.
  137. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 108. 
  138. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 130.
  139. Tara Trower, “Safety of gun ranges questioned; Residents angry over stray bullets,” Austin American-Statesman, 4 March 1997, p. B1. 
  140. Tess Nacelewicz, “Gun Club Gets Renewed Complaints,” Portland Press Herald (Maine), 8 February 1999, p. B2.
  141. Dave DeValois, “Shooting Ranges Under Fire,” Des Moines Register, 2 December 1998. 
  142. Pacurariu v. Pennsylvania, 744 A.2d 389 (Commw. Ct. 2000); “Judge clears way for lawsuit over Game Commission shooting range,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, 15 January 2000. 
  143. James Thorner, “Court shoots down lawsuit against gun range,” St. Petersburg Times, 16 July 1999, p. 3.
  144. Jo Becker, “Collins’ vote on gun range questioned,” St. Petersburg Times, 25 October 1998, p. 1; Stephen Hegarty, “Gun range rejected by county, ” St. Petersburg Times, 13 May 1992, p. 1. 
  145. Kristin N. Sullivan, “Gun club to cease firing on ranges at Lake Worth,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 17 March 1998; Paul Bourgeois, “Club builds fence to add firing ranges’ safety,” Forth Worth Star-Telegram, 12 March 1997; “City to test for lead near rifle range,” Forth Worth Star-Telegram, 15 August 1996; “Gun club reaches agreement with city,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 16 February 1996. 
  146. See, for example, Cathy Woodruff, “Training ground goes back to ground zero,” Times Union (Albany, NY), 12 May 2000; Kim L. Hooper, “Lead pollution worries well owners,” Indianapolis Star, 29 February 2000; Kevin Clapp, “Shooting range plans scrapped,” Capital (Annapolis, MD), 26 January 2000; “Residents see red over proposed shooting range,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, 3 January 2000; “Gun Club Gets Renewed Complaints,” Portland Press Herald, 8 February 1999; Maria Camacho, “Residents Gun Shy Over Plan for Range,” Miami Herald, 8 January 1998; “Residents slam revised firing range,” News and Observer (Raleigh, NC), 21 October 1997, p. B4; “Taneytown Rod & Gun to get another chance to make case for shooting ranges at farm,” Baltimore Sun, 21 July 1997, p. B4; “Taneytown Rod and Gun Club to appeal decision on firing ranges in Frederick County on July 22,” Baltimore Sun, 27 June 1997; Donna R. Engle, “Taneytown gun club resumes range fight,” Baltimore Sun, 27 May 1997; Candice Chung, “ACHD shoots down plan for rifle range,” Idaho Statesman, 27 May 1997; “Partial OK given for firing range work,” Patriot Ledger (Quincy, MA), 17 January 1997; Tracy Everbach, “Drawing fire; Planned gun range near youth center sparks controversy,” Dallas Morning News, 9 March 1995, p. A29; Patti Muck, “Shooting range set to reopen as agreement reached on suit,” Houston Chronicle, 25 May 1995, p. A36 and “Living under fire; Families struggle with gun range and its waste,” Houston Chronicle, 20 November 1994, p. A37; Bill Loftus, “Lewis-Clark Wildlife Club No Home for the Range,” Lewiston Morning Tribune, 6 February 1992; “Complaints Reverberate Among Neighbors of Gun Range,” Los Angeles Times, 27 December 1989; Susan Chira, “State Plan for Rifle Range Stirring Dispute,” New York Times, 4 December 1983. 
  147. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 144-145. 
  148. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 152.
  149. See remarks of NRA general counsel Michael K. McCabe in International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 155-56. 
  150. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 154. 
  151. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 108. 
  152. See, William C. Wagner III, “Maintaining Good Neighbor Relations,” International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 125. 
  153. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 15.
  154. Grant Agreement between U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (26 June 1990), par. II; undated federal aid proposal titled “Symposium for Shooting Range Development and Shooting Sports,” par. 2, from U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service grant files. 
  155. Appendix I “Hunter Education Council Membership,” attached to undated federal aid proposal titled “Symposium for Shooting Range Development and Shooting Sports,” from U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service grant files. Other Council members included various private groups interested in wildlife and outdoor sports, such as the American Archery Council, the Izaak Walton League, the Wildlife Management Institute, and other federal government agencies: the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Extension Service and Forest Service, and the U.S. Department of Interior’s Bureau of Land Management. 
  156. Grant Agreement between U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (26 June 1990), par. II; undated federal aid proposal titled “Symposium for Shooting Range Development and Shooting Sports,” par. 2, from U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service grant files. 
  157. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 111. 
  158. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 111. 
  159. Memorandum from James M. Norine, Secretary, NRA Hunting and Wildlife Conservation Committee, to Hunting and Wildlife Conservation Committee and Guests, December 21, 1989, and attached “final” agenda, in files of Violence Policy Center. 
  160. First National Shooting Range Symposium Financial Report (15 May 1991), attachment to memorandum from George D. Lapointe, Symposium Coordinator, to Shooting Range Symposium Coordinating Committee (21 May 1991). Two other groups—The Izaak Walton League of America and the American Archery Council—donated $1,000 each. 
  161. Various grant-related documents in the files of the Violence Policy Center, obtained from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service under the Freedom of Information Act. 
  162. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service “Acquisition Request” approved January 22, 1993, in the amount of $105,000 for grant to International Association; “Grant Tracking Form,” dated February 7, 1995. 
  163. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service “Acquisition Request” approved February 13, 1995, in the amount of $150,080 for grant to International Association; “Modification of Contract” approved June 14, 1996, increasing award by $24,500; “Grant Tracking Form” dated December 17, 1996, showing funds disbursed. 
  164. Letter from Don MacLauchlan, International Resource Director, International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies to Mr. Gene Stevenson [sic], Division of Federal Aid, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, dated May 6, 1996, requesting $24,500 increase; “Modification of Contract” approved June 14, 1996, increasing award by $24,500; “Grant Tracking Form” dated December 17, 1996, showing funds disbursed. (The official in question actually spells his name “Stephenson.”) 
  165. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service “Project Review Summary” form for “The Second National Shooting Range Symposium,” undated, signed by “Stephenson.” 
  166. Letter from Don MacLauchlan, International Resource Director, International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies to Mr. Gene Stevenson [sic], Division of Federal Aid, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, dated May 6, 1996. (The official in question actually spells his name “Stephenson.”) 
  167. First National Shooting Range Symposium Financial Report (15 May 1991), attachment to memorandum from George D. Lapointe, Symposium Coordinator, to Shooting Range Symposium Coordinating Committee (21 May 1991). 
  168. “Income Projection,” in attachment to letter from Mark J. Reeff, Resource Director, International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies to Ms. Ramona Polk, Division of Contracting and General Services, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, dated June 29, 1995. 
  169. See, e.g., “Groups Set Shooting Range Talks,” Firearms Business, February 1, 1996, p. 5 (event is “held every three years”). 
  170. Letter to Mr. Gene Stevenson (sic), U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, from Don MacLauchlan, International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, November 19, 1996 (emphasis added). (The official in question actually spells his name “Stephenson.”) 
  171. Attachment, Memorandum to Director of Federal Aid, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, from Acting Regional Director, Region 5, November 10, 1994. 
  172. Memorandum to Director of Federal Aid, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, from Acting Regional Director, Region 5, November 10, 1994. 
  173. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), pp. 3-4. 
  174. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 107. 
  175. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 88. 
  176. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the First National Shooting Range Symposium (1990), p. 91. 
  177. North American Hunting Club, National Shooting Range Symposium: Proceedings (1993), p. 35-36. 

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